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Second-order, constant coefficients
ay″ + by′ + cy = 0 and the characteristic equation: oscillation, damping, growth.
Try y = e^{rx} and the equation becomes a quadratic in r, the characteristic equation. Real distinct roots give exponentials, a repeated root adds an x, complex roots give sines and cosines. y″ + y = 0 is the simple harmonic oscillator: every pendulum, spring and LC circuit.
Ví dụ đã làm · y'' + y = 0
Y'' + y = 0
Bước một bước
- y{\left(x \right)} + \frac{d^{2}}{d x^{2}} y{\left(x \right)} = 0
The differential equation.
- \text{order } 2
Order 2: the highest derivative present.
- \text{Constant coefficients, homogeneous}
Try y = e^{rx}: the characteristic polynomial in r gives the roots, and each root contributes a term to the general solution.
- r^{2} + 1 = 0
Characteristic equation of the homogeneous part (substitute y = e^{rx}).
- r = - i,\ r = i
Its roots.
- y{\left(x \right)} = C_{1} \sin{\left(x \right)} + C_{2} \cos{\left(x \right)}
General solution (C₁, C₂ … are arbitrary constants).
- \checkmark
Verified: substituting the solution back into the equation gives 0.
Giải đáp
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Làm thế nào: Second-order, constant coefficients
- The differential equation.
- Order 2: the highest derivative present.
- Try y = e^{rx}: the characteristic polynomial in r gives the roots, and each root contributes a term to the general solution.
- Characteristic equation of the homogeneous part (substitute y = e^{rx}).
- Its roots.
- General solution (C₁, C₂ … are arbitrary constants).
- Verified: substituting the solution back into the equation gives 0.
Câu hỏi người ta hỏi
What is a differential equation?
An equation whose unknown is a function, relating it to its own derivatives. "The rate of growth is proportional to the population" is y′ = ky, and solving it means finding y as a function of time.
Why does the solution have arbitrary constants?
Integrating loses information: many functions share the same derivative. An n-th order equation has n constants, fixed by n initial or boundary conditions.
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Separable equationsFirst-order linear equationsNonhomogeneous equationsModelling with differential equations