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Modelling with differential equations
Growth, decay, cooling, mixing: writing the equation from the sentence.
Every model starts with a sentence of the form “the rate of change of y is proportional to …”. Growth at 5% a year is y′ = 0.05y; cooling is T′ = −k(T − T_room); a mixing tank balances what flows in against what flows out. Write the sentence as an equation, solve, then fit the constant to a known value.
Ví dụ đã làm · y' = 0.05*y
Y' = 0.05*y
Bước một bước
- \frac{d}{d x} y{\left(x \right)} = 0.05 y{\left(x \right)}
The differential equation.
- \text{order } 1
Order 1: the highest derivative present.
- \text{Separable}
Move everything in y to one side with dy and everything in x to the other, then integrate both sides.
- 1.0 r - 0.05 = 0
Characteristic equation of the homogeneous part (substitute y = e^{rx}).
- r = 0.05
Its roots.
- y{\left(x \right)} = C_{1} e^{0.05 x}
General solution (C₁, C₂ … are arbitrary constants).
- \checkmark
Verified: substituting the solution back into the equation gives 0.
Giải đáp
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Làm thế nào: Modelling with differential equations
- The differential equation.
- Order 1: the highest derivative present.
- Move everything in y to one side with dy and everything in x to the other, then integrate both sides.
- Characteristic equation of the homogeneous part (substitute y = e^{rx}).
- Its roots.
- General solution (C₁, C₂ … are arbitrary constants).
- Verified: substituting the solution back into the equation gives 0.
Câu hỏi người ta hỏi
What is a differential equation?
An equation whose unknown is a function, relating it to its own derivatives. "The rate of growth is proportional to the population" is y′ = ky, and solving it means finding y as a function of time.
Why does the solution have arbitrary constants?
Integrating loses information: many functions share the same derivative. An n-th order equation has n constants, fixed by n initial or boundary conditions.
More in Differential Equations
Separable equationsFirst-order linear equationsSecond-order, constant coefficientsNonhomogeneous equations