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First-order linear equations
y′ + P(x)y = Q(x) and the integrating factor that makes it integrable.
Multiply y′ + P(x)y = Q(x) by μ = e^{∫P dx} and the left side collapses to (μy)′, one integration finishes it. This is the workhorse for mixing tanks, RC circuits and Newton's law of cooling.
Ví dụ đã làm · y' + y = x
Y' + y = x
Bước một bước
- y{\left(x \right)} + \frac{d}{d x} y{\left(x \right)} = x
The differential equation.
- \text{order } 1
Order 1: the highest derivative present.
- \text{Exact}
M dx + N dy = 0 with ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x: find the potential F with F_x = M, F_y = N; the solution is F = C.
- r + 1 = 0
Characteristic equation of the homogeneous part (substitute y = e^{rx}).
- r = -1
Its roots.
- y{\left(x \right)} = C_{1} e^{- x} + x - 1
General solution (C₁, C₂ … are arbitrary constants).
- \checkmark
Verified: substituting the solution back into the equation gives 0.
Giải đáp
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Làm thế nào: First-order linear equations
- The differential equation.
- Order 1: the highest derivative present.
- M dx + N dy = 0 with ∂M/∂y = ∂N/∂x: find the potential F with F_x = M, F_y = N; the solution is F = C.
- Characteristic equation of the homogeneous part (substitute y = e^{rx}).
- Its roots.
- General solution (C₁, C₂ … are arbitrary constants).
- Verified: substituting the solution back into the equation gives 0.
Câu hỏi người ta hỏi
What is a differential equation?
An equation whose unknown is a function, relating it to its own derivatives. "The rate of growth is proportional to the population" is y′ = ky, and solving it means finding y as a function of time.
Why does the solution have arbitrary constants?
Integrating loses information: many functions share the same derivative. An n-th order equation has n constants, fixed by n initial or boundary conditions.
More in Differential Equations
Separable equationsSecond-order, constant coefficientsNonhomogeneous equationsModelling with differential equations