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The Division Algorithm
Recall that the division algorithm for integers () says that if a and b are integers with b \gt 0, then there exist unique integers q and r such that a = bq + r, where 0 \leq r \lt b.
The Division Algorithm
Recall that the division algorithm for integers () says that if \(a\) and \(b\) are integers with \(b \gt 0\), then there exist unique integers \(q\) and \(r\) such that \(a = bq + r\), where \(0 \leq r \lt b\). The algorithm by which \(q\) and \(r\) are found is just long division. A similar theorem exists for polynomials. The division algorithm for polynomials has several important consequences. Since its proof is very similar to the corresponding proof for integers, it is worthwhile to review at this point.
Example
The division algorithm merely formalizes long division of polynomials, a task we have been familiar with since high school. For example, suppose that we divide \(x^3 - x^2 + 2 x - 3\) by \(x - 2\).
| \(x^2\) | \(+\) | \(x\) | \(+\) | \(4\) | |||||
| \(x\) | \(-\) | \(2\) | \(x^3\) | \(-\) | \(x^2\) | \(+\) | \(2x\) | \(-\) | \(3\) |
| \(x^3\) | \(-\) | \(2x^2\) | |||||||
| \(x^2\) | \(+\) | \(2x\) | \(-\) | \(3\) | |||||
| \(x^2\) | \(-\) | \(2x\) | |||||||
| \(4x\) | \(-\) | \(3\) | |||||||
| \(4x\) | \(-\) | \(8\) | |||||||
| \(5\) |
Hence, \(x^3 - x^2 + 2 x - 3 = (x - 2) (x^2 + x + 4 ) + 5\).
Let \(p(x)\) be a polynomial in \(F[x]\) and \(\alpha \in F\). We say that \(\alpha\) is a zero or root of \(p(x)\) if \(p(x)\) is in the kernel of the evaluation homomorphism \(\phi_{\alpha}\). All we are really saying here is that \(\alpha\) is a zero of \(p(x)\) if \(p(\alpha) = 0\).
Notice the similarity between the proof of and the proof of .
Condensed: the full section is in Judson, Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.
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Câu hỏi người ta hỏi
What is a group, in plain words?
A set with one operation that is associative, has an identity, and lets every element be undone. Symmetries of any object form a group. That is where the idea came from.
What is the difference between a ring and a field?
A ring has addition and multiplication that behave like the integers (you cannot always divide); a field is a ring where every non-zero element has a reciprocal, like the rationals or the reals.
Một số phần của trang này được chuyển từ Judson, Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications (GFDL 1.3). Được nén lại và giải thích lại ở đây; lỗi là của chúng tôi.
More in Abstract Algebra
GroupsSubgroups, cosets and Lagrange's theoremCyclic groups and permutation groupsHomomorphisms, normal subgroups and quotient groupsRings and fieldsGalois theory: why the quintic has no formula