maths.free › Calculus › Integration techniques: substitution, parts, partial fractions

Integration techniques: substitution, parts, partial fractions

Recognising which technique an integrand wants.

Substitution when the integrand contains a function and its derivative; parts for products of unrelated functions; partial fractions for rational functions; trig identities for powers of sin and cos. Picture it: the antiderivative F plotted with f, F's slope is f everywhere. Think it: each technique is a derivative rule run backwards: chain, product, and the algebra of fractions.

Eżempju maħdum · integral of 2x/(x^2+1)

Calculus · Integrals

Integrate 2x/(x^2 + 1)

\int \frac{2 x}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx

Pass b'pass

  1. \int \frac{2 x}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx

    Find an antiderivative.

  2. \int \frac{2 x}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx = 2 \int \frac{x}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx

    Pull the constant 2 out of the integral.

  3. \int \frac{x}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx = \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2 x}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx

    Pull the constant \frac{1}{2} out of the integral.

  4. u = x^{2} + 1,\quad du = 2 x\, dx

    Substitute u = x^{2} + 1.

  5. \int \frac{x}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx = \int \frac{1}{u}\, d_u

    Rewrite the integral in terms of u.

  6. \int \frac{1}{u}\, d_u = \log{\left(u \right)}

    ∫ 1/u du = ln|u|.

  7. = \log{\left(x^{2} + 1 \right)}

    Substitute back u = x^{2} + 1.

  8. F(x) = \log{\left(x^{2} + 1 \right)} + C

    Add the constant of integration.

Jiżvelaw it-tweġiba
\log{\left(x^{2} + 1 \right)} + C

Issa inti Agħżel problema, jew ittajpja jew iġbed tiegħek stess.Kull pass, stampa, it-tweġiba moħbija sakemm inti tistaqsi.

Żomm tiegħek stess li jaħdmu

Kont b'xejn iżid noti fuq kull lezzjoni, rekord ta' dak li lest, problemi solvuti tiegħek f'post wieħed, u għalliem inti tista' tistaqsi dwar din il-paġna.Il-matematika nnifisha hija miftuħa għal kulħadd, log fil jew le.

Irreġistra issa Login

Simboli użati hawnhekk

Taptap kwalunkwe simbolu għad-definizzjoni sħiħa, stampa, u dak li kull ittra fiha tfisser.

Kif għandek tuża: Integration techniques: substitution, parts, partial fractions

  1. Look for a piece whose derivative is also present → substitution.
  2. A product of a polynomial with e^x, ln x, sin or cos → integration by parts, differentiating the polynomial.
  3. A rational function → divide if needed, then partial fractions.
  4. Powers of sin and cos → identities (sin² = (1 − cos 2x)/2) or a substitution.
  5. Check by differentiating your answer.

Mistoqsijiet li n-nies jistaqsu

What is a derivative in one sentence?

The slope of the graph at a point, the rate at which the output is changing there. Speed is the derivative of position.

What is an integral in one sentence?

The accumulated total of a rate: the area under the curve. Distance travelled is the integral of speed.

Why are derivatives and integrals opposites?

That is the fundamental theorem of calculus: accumulating a rate and then measuring how fast the accumulation grows gets you back the rate. Integration undoes differentiation up to a constant.

When do I use substitution and when integration by parts?

Substitution when part of the integrand is the derivative of another part (u and du both present). Parts when the integrand is a product of two unrelated kinds of function, a polynomial times an exponential, log or trig function.

Aktar fil Calculus

LimitsDerivativesIntegralsDefinite integralsTaylor seriesSeries and sumsMaxima and minimaThe chain ruleImplicit differentiationRelated rates and optimisationApplications of integration: area, volume, arc lengthInfinite series and convergence tests