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Hilbert spaces and the spectral theorem
Inner products, orthonormal bases, Fourier series, and eigenvalues of operators.
An inner product gives angles and projections; an orthonormal basis expands any vector: Fourier series are exactly this in L². Self-adjoint operators have real spectrum and an eigen-decomposition, the infinite-dimensional version of diagonalising a symmetric matrix. Picture it: the symmetric matrix [[2,1],[1,2]] stretching along two perpendicular eigenvectors. Think it: quantum observables are self-adjoint operators; measurement outcomes are their spectrum.
Жұмыстағы мысал · eigenvalues of [[2,1],[1,2]]
Eigenvalues of [[2,1],[1,2]]
Қадам сайын
- \det(A - \lambda I) = 0
Eigenvalues are the roots of the characteristic polynomial.
- \det\left[\begin{matrix}2 - \lambda & 1\\1 & 2 - \lambda\end{matrix}\right] = 0
Subtract λ from the diagonal.
- \lambda^{2} - 4 \lambda + 3 = 0
Expand the determinant.
- \left(\lambda - 3\right) \left(\lambda - 1\right) = 0
Factor.
- \lambda = 3, \lambda = 1
Eigenvalues (with multiplicity).
- \lambda = 1:\ (A - \lambda I)\mathbf{v} = 0 \Rightarrow \mathbf{v} = \left[\begin{matrix}-1\\1\end{matrix}\right]
Solve (A − 1I)v = 0 for a basis eigenvector.
- \lambda = 3:\ (A - \lambda I)\mathbf{v} = 0 \Rightarrow \mathbf{v} = \left[\begin{matrix}1\\1\end{matrix}\right]
Solve (A − 3I)v = 0 for a basis eigenvector.
Жауап беріңіз
Енді сен Мәтінді таңдап, жазу немесе өзіңіздің мәтініңізді салу. Әрбір қадамы сурет, сұрағанша жауап жасырылады.
Мұнда қолданылатын символдар
Тұтас анықтамасын, суретін және әрбір әріптің мағынасын көру үшін кез келген символды түртіңіз.
Не істеу керек: Hilbert spaces and the spectral theorem
- Eigenvalues are the roots of the characteristic polynomial.
- Subtract λ from the diagonal.
- Expand the determinant.
- Factor.
- Eigenvalues (with multiplicity).
- Solve (A − 1I)v = 0 for a basis eigenvector.
- Solve (A − 3I)v = 0 for a basis eigenvector.
Адамдар қоятын сұрақтар
What is a Hilbert space?
A vector space with an inner product (so lengths and angles make sense) that is complete (no missing limit points). Square-integrable functions form one; quantum states live in one.