P versus NP

If a solution can be checked quickly, can it always be found quickly?

The statement. P is the set of problems a computer can solve in time polynomial in the input size; NP is the set whose proposed solutions can be checked in polynomial time. Is P = NP?

In plain words. Checking a completed Sudoku is easy; solving one from scratch seems hard. Checking that a number factors as p × q is easy; finding p and q is the hardness cryptography relies on. P = NP would mean every such “easy to check” problem is secretly easy to solve. Almost everyone believes P ≠ NP; nobody can prove it.

What you need first. Stage 9 (logic, truth tables, counting; the satisfiability problem is a truth-table question), Stage 10 (factoring, why it is slow), Stage 1-2 for reading growth rates like n², 2ⁿ.

The parts. (1) What counts as fast: polynomial vs exponential time, and why the distinction survives changing computers. (2) NP-completeness (Cook-Levin, 1971): thousands of problems (satisfiability, travelling salesman, graph colouring) are each as hard as all of NP, so solving any one fast solves them all. (3) Why the obvious approaches fail: diagonalisation and circuit lower bounds each hit a proven barrier. (4) What a proof would need: a genuinely new way to show that no algorithm can exist.

What is known. Exponential lower bounds exist only for restricted models of computation; the three known barriers (relativisation, natural proofs, algebrisation) explain why current techniques cannot work. A Millennium Prize problem.

Тепер ти Цей калькулятор не можна використовувати, але його частини можна легко перевірити. Спробуйте один нижче або наберіть власний.

Нехай ваша робота буде такою ж, як у вас

Вільний рахунок додає нотатки до кожного уроку, запису того, що ви завершили, ваших розв' язаних проблем у одному місці, і репетитора, який ви можете запитати про цю сторінку. Сама математика відкрита для всіх, підписані чи ні.

Підписування Вхід

Символи, що тут використовуються

Взяти будь-який символ до повного визначення, зображення і що означає кожна літера.

Запитання людей

Can I actually work on these?

You can understand them, which is the honest first step and what these pages are for. Working on them means the full path through the stages above and then the research literature, but every person who has made progress started by reading the statement.

Why are they unsolved if so many people have tried?

Usually because the existing tools provably cannot work (the barriers in P vs NP), or because the problem mixes two structures mathematics handles separately (additive and multiplicative in Goldbach and Collatz). A solution needs a genuinely new idea.

Більше в Frontiers

The Riemann Hypothesis Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness Goldbach's conjecture The Collatz conjecture The twin prime conjecture