maths.free › Calculus › Techniques of Integration › Trigonometric Integrals

Trigonometric Integrals

Solve integration problems involving products and powers of

Integrating Products and Powers of sin

A key idea behind the strategy used to integrate combinations of products and powers of \(\text{sin}\ x\) and \(\text{cos}\ x\) involves rewriting these expressions as sums and differences of integrals of the form \(\int {\text{sin}}^{j}x\ \text{cos}\ x\ dx\) or \(\int {\text{cos}}^{j}x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx.\) After rewriting these integrals, we evaluate them using u-substitution. Before describing the general process in detail, let’s take a look at the following examples.

Example

Try it.

Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{3}x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx.\)

Solution

Use \(u\)-substitution and let \(u=\text{cos}\ x.\) In this case, \(du=\text{-}\text{sin}\ x\ dx.\) Thus,

\[\begin{array}{ll}\int {\text{cos}}^{3}\ x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx & =\text{-}\int {u}^{3}\ du \\ & =-\frac{1}{4}{u}^{4}+C \\ & =-\frac{1}{4}{\text{cos}}^{4}\ x+C.\end{array}\]
Example

Try it.

Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{2}x\ {\text{sin}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

Solution

To convert this integral to integrals of the form \(\int {\text{cos}}^{j}x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx,\) rewrite \({\text{sin}}^{3}x={\text{sin}}^{2}x\ \text{sin}\ x\) and make the substitution \({\text{sin}}^{2}x=1-{\text{cos}}^{2}x.\) Thus,

\[\begin{array}{lll}\int {\text{cos}}^{2}x\ {\text{sin}}^{3}x\ dx & =\int {\text{cos}}^{2}x(1-{\text{cos}}^{2}x)\text{sin}\ x\ dx & \text{Let}\ u=\text{cos}\ x;\ \text{then}\ du=\text{-}\text{sin}\ x\ dx. \\ & =\text{-}\int {u}^{2}(1-{u}^{2})du & \\ & =\int ({u}^{4}-{u}^{2})du & \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{u}^{5}-\frac{1}{3}{u}^{3}+C & \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{\text{cos}}^{5}x-\frac{1}{3}{\text{cos}}^{3}x+C. & \end{array}\]

In the next example, we see the strategy that must be applied when there are only even powers of \(\text{sin}\ x\) and \(\text{cos}\ x.\) For integrals of this type, the identities

\[{\text{sin}}^{2}x=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x)=\frac{1-\text{cos}(2x)}{2}\]

and

\[{\text{cos}}^{2}x=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x)=\frac{1+\text{cos}(2x)}{2}\]

are invaluable. These identities are sometimes known as power-reducing identities and they may be derived from the double-angle identity \(\text{cos}(2x)={\text{cos}}^{2}x-{\text{sin}}^{2}x\) and the Pythagorean identity \({\text{cos}}^{2}x+{\text{sin}}^{2}x=1.\)

The general process for integrating products of powers of \(\text{sin}\ x\) and \(\text{cos}\ x\) is summarized in the following set of guidelines.

Condensed: the full section is in OpenStax Calculus Volume 2.

Integrating Products and Powers of tan

Before discussing the integration of products and powers of \(\text{tan}\ x\) and \(\text{sec}\ x,\) it is useful to recall the integrals involving \(\text{tan}\ x\) and \(\text{sec}\ x\) we have already learned:

  1. \(\int {\text{sec}}^{2}x\ dx=\text{tan}\ x+C\)
  2. \(\int \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx=\text{sec}\ x+C\)
  3. \(\int \text{tan}\ x\ dx=\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x|+C\)
  4. \(\int \text{sec}\ x\ dx=\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x+\text{tan}\ x|+C.\)

For most integrals of products and powers of \(\text{tan}\ x\) and \(\text{sec}\ x,\) we rewrite the expression we wish to integrate as the sum or difference of integrals of the form \(\int {\text{tan}}^{j}x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\ dx\) or \(\int {\text{sec}}^{j}x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx.\) As we see in the following example, we can evaluate these new integrals by using u-substitution.

Example

Try it.

Evaluate \(\int {\text{sec}}^{5}x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx.\)

Solution

Start by rewriting \({\text{sec}}^{5}x\ \text{tan}\ x\) as \({\text{sec}}^{4}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x.\)

\[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{sec}}^{5}x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx & =\int {\text{sec}}^{4}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx & & \text{Let}\ u=\text{sec}\ x;\ \text{then},\ du=\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx. \\ & =\int {u}^{4}du & & \text{Evaluate the integral}. \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{u}^{5}+C & & \text{Substitute}\ \text{sec}\ x=u. \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{\text{sec}}^{5}x+C & & \end{array}\]

We now take a look at the various strategies for integrating products and powers of \(\text{sec}\ x\) and \(\text{tan}\ x.\)

Example

Try it.

Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{6}x\ {\text{sec}}^{4}x\ dx.\)

Solution

Since the power on \(\text{sec}\ x\) is even, rewrite \({\text{sec}}^{4}x={\text{sec}}^{2}x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\) and use \({\text{sec}}^{2}x={\text{tan}}^{2}x+1\) to rewrite the first \({\text{sec}}^{2}x\) in terms of \(\text{tan}\ x.\) Thus,

\[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{tan}}^{6}x\ {\text{sec}}^{4}x\ dx & =\int {\text{tan}}^{6}x({\text{tan}}^{2}x+1){\text{sec}}^{2}x\ dx & & \text{Let}\ u=\text{tan}\ x\ \text{and}\ du={\text{sec}}^{2}x\text{dx}. \\ & =\int {u}^{6}({u}^{2}+1)du & & \text{Expand}. \\ & =\int ({u}^{8}+{u}^{6})du & & \text{Evaluate the integral}. \\ & =\frac{1}{9}{u}^{9}+\frac{1}{7}{u}^{7}+C & & \text{Substitute}\ \text{tan}\ x=u. \\ & =\frac{1}{9}{\text{tan}}^{9}x+\frac{1}{7}{\text{tan}}^{7}x+C. & & \end{array}\]

Condensed: the full section is in OpenStax Calculus Volume 2.

Reduction Formulas

Evaluating \(\int {\text{sec}}^{n}x\ dx\) for values of \(n\) where \(n\) is odd requires integration by parts. In addition, we must also know the value of \(\int {\text{sec}}^{n-2}x\ dx\) to evaluate \(\int {\text{sec}}^{n}x\ dx.\) The evaluation of \(\int {\text{tan}}^{n}x\ dx\) also requires being able to integrate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{n-2}x\ dx.\) To make the process easier, we can derive and apply the following power reduction formulas. These rules allow us to replace the integral of a power of \(\text{sec}\ x\) or \(\text{tan}\ x\) with the integral of a lower power of \(\text{sec}\ x\) or \(\text{tan}\ x.\)

Example

Try it.

Apply a reduction formula to evaluate \(\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

Solution

By applying the first reduction formula, we obtain

\[\begin{array}{ll}\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx & =\frac{1}{2}\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\frac{1}{2}\int \text{sec}\ x\ dx \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\frac{1}{2}\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x+\text{tan}\ x|+C.\end{array}\]
Example

Try it.

Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{4}x\ dx.\)

Solution

Applying the reduction formula for \(\int {\text{tan}}^{4}x\ dx\) we have

\[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{tan}}^{4}x\ dx & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-\int {\text{tan}}^{2}x\ dx & & \\ & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-(\text{tan}\ x-\int {\text{tan}}^{0}x\ dx) & & \text{Apply the reduction formula to}\int {\text{tan}}^{2}x\ dx. \\ & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-\text{tan}\ x+\int 1\ dx & & \text{Simplify}. \\ & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-\text{tan}\ x+x+C. & & \text{Evaluate}\int 1dx.\end{array}\]

Key Concepts

  • Integrals of trigonometric functions can be evaluated by the use of various strategies. These strategies include
    1. Applying trigonometric identities to rewrite the integral so that it may be evaluated by u-substitution
    2. Using integration by parts
    3. Applying trigonometric identities to rewrite products of sines and cosines with different arguments as the sum of individual sine and cosine functions
    4. Applying reduction formulas

Key Equations

To integrate products involving \(\text{sin}(ax),\) \(\text{sin}(bx),\) \(\text{cos}(ax),\) and \(\text{cos}(bx),\) use the substitutions.

Sine Products\(\text{sin}(ax)\text{sin}(bx)=\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}((a-b)x)-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}((a+b)x)\)
Sine and Cosine Products\(\text{sin}(ax)\text{cos}(bx)=\frac{1}{2}\text{sin}((a-b)x)+\frac{1}{2}\text{sin}((a+b)x)\)
Cosine Products\(\text{cos}(ax)\text{cos}(bx)=\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}((a-b)x)+\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}((a+b)x)\)
Power Reduction Formula\(\int {\text{sec}}^{n}xdx=\frac{{\text{sec}}^{n-2}x\tan x}{n-1}+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int {\text{sec}}^{n-2}x\ dx;n\ne 1\)
Power Reduction Formula\(\int {\text{tan}}^{n}x\ dx=\frac{1}{n-1}{\text{tan}}^{n-1}x-\int {\text{tan}}^{n-2}x\ dx\)

Trigonometric Integrals

Fill in the blank to make a true statement.

Use an identity to reduce the power of the trigonometric function to a trigonometric function raised to the first power.

Evaluate each of the following integrals by u-substitution.

Compute the following integrals using the guidelines for integrating powers of trigonometric functions. Use a CAS to check the solutions. (Note: Some of the problems may be done using techniques of integration learned previously.)

For the following exercises, find a general formula for the integrals.

Use the double-angle formulas to evaluate the following integrals.

For the following exercises, evaluate the definite integrals. Express answers in exact form whenever possible.

Condensed: the full section is in OpenStax Calculus Volume 2.

Jetzt du Kein Rechner löst diese Frage, aber ihre Teile sind berechenbar. Probieren Sie unten eine aus oder geben Sie Ihre eigene ein.

Übung (40)

Versuchen Sie zuerst jede auf Papier. Decken Sie die Antwort zur Kontrolle auf; überprüfte Aufgaben lassen sich im Löser Schritt für Schritt öffnen.

  1. Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{3}x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Use \(u\)-substitution and let \(u=\text{cos}\ x.\) In this case, \(du=\text{-}\text{sin}\ x\ dx.\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{ll}\int {\text{cos}}^{3}\ x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx & =\text{-}\int {u}^{3}\ du \\ & =-\frac{1}{4}{u}^{4}+C \\ & =-\frac{1}{4}{\text{cos}}^{4}\ x+C.\end{array}\]

  2. Evaluate \(\int {\text{sin}}^{4}x\ \text{cos}\ x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{5}{\text{sin}}^{5}x+C\)

  3. Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{2}x\ {\text{sin}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    To convert this integral to integrals of the form \(\int {\text{cos}}^{j}x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx,\) rewrite \({\text{sin}}^{3}x={\text{sin}}^{2}x\ \text{sin}\ x\) and make the substitution \({\text{sin}}^{2}x=1-{\text{cos}}^{2}x.\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{lll}\int {\text{cos}}^{2}x\ {\text{sin}}^{3}x\ dx & =\int {\text{cos}}^{2}x(1-{\text{cos}}^{2}x)\text{sin}\ x\ dx & \text{Let}\ u=\text{cos}\ x;\ \text{then}\ du=\text{-}\text{sin}\ x\ dx. \\ & =\text{-}\int {u}^{2}(1-{u}^{2})du & \\ & =\int ({u}^{4}-{u}^{2})du & \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{u}^{5}-\frac{1}{3}{u}^{3}+C & \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{\text{cos}}^{5}x-\frac{1}{3}{\text{cos}}^{3}x+C. & \end{array}\]

  4. Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{3}x\ {\text{sin}}^{2}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{3}{\text{sin}}^{3}x-\frac{1}{5}{\text{sin}}^{5}x+C\)

  5. Evaluate \(\int {\text{sin}}^{2}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    To evaluate this integral, let’s use the trigonometric identity \({\text{sin}}^{2}x=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x).\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{ll}\int {\text{sin}}^{2}x\ dx & =\int (\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x))dx \\ & =\frac{1}{2}x-\frac{1}{4}\text{sin}(2x)+C.\end{array}\]

  6. Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{2}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{1}{4}\text{sin}(2x)+C\)

  7. Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{8}x\ {\text{sin}}^{5}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Since the power on \(\text{sin}\ x\) is odd, use strategy 1. Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{cos}}^{8}x\ {\text{sin}}^{5}x\ dx & =\int {\text{cos}}^{8}x\ {\text{sin}}^{4}x\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx & & \text{Break off}\ \text{sin}\ x. \\ & =\int {\text{cos}}^{8}x{({\text{sin}}^{2}x)}^{2}\text{sin}\ x\ dx & & \text{Rewrite}\ {\text{sin}}^{4}x={({\text{sin}}^{2}x)}^{2}. \\ & =\int {\text{cos}}^{8}x{(1-{\text{cos}}^{2}x)}^{2}\text{sin}\ x\ dx & & \text{Substitute}\ {\text{sin}}^{2}x=1-{\text{cos}}^{2}x. \\ & =\int {u}^{8}{(1-{u}^{2})}^{2}(\text{-}du) & & \text{Let}\ u=\text{cos}\ x\ \text{and}\ du=\text{-}\text{sin}\ x\ dx. \\ & =\int (\text{-}{u}^{8}+2{u}^{10}-{u}^{12})du & & \text{Expand}. \\ & =-\frac{1}{9}{u}^{9}+\frac{2}{11}{u}^{11}-\frac{1}{13}{u}^{13}+C & & \text{Evaluate the integral}. \\ & =-\frac{1}{9}{\text{cos}}^{9}x+\frac{2}{11}{\text{cos}}^{11}x-\frac{1}{13}{\text{cos}}^{13}x+C. & & \text{Substitute}\ u=\text{cos}\ x.\end{array}\]

  8. Evaluate \(\int {\text{sin}}^{4}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Since the power on \(\text{sin}\ x\) is even \((k=4)\) and the power on \(\text{cos}\ x\) is even \((j=0),\) we must use strategy 3. Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{sin}}^{4}x\ dx & =\int {({\text{sin}}^{2}x)}^{2}dx & & \text{Rewrite}\ {\text{sin}}^{4}x={({\text{sin}}^{2}x)}^{2}. \\ & =\int {(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x))}^{2}dx & & \text{Substitute}\ {\text{sin}}^{2}x=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x). \\ & =\int (\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x)+\frac{1}{4}{\text{cos}}^{2}(2x))dx & & \text{Expand}\ {(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x))}^{2}. \\ & =\int (\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x)+\frac{1}{4}(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(4x))dx. & & \end{array}\]

    Since \({\text{cos}}^{2}(2x)\) has an even power, substitute \({\text{cos}}^{2}(2x)=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(4x)\text{:}\)

    \[\begin{array}{ll}=\int (\frac{3}{8}-\frac{1}{2}\text{cos}(2x)+\frac{1}{8}\text{cos}(4x))dx & \text{Simplify}. \\ =\frac{3}{8}x-\frac{1}{4}\text{sin}(2x)+\frac{1}{32}\ \text{sin}(4x)+C & \text{Evaluate the integral}.\end{array}\]

  9. Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\text{sin}\ x-\frac{1}{3}{\text{sin}}^{3}x+C\)

  10. Evaluate \(\int {\text{cos}}^{2}(3x)dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{1}{12}\ \text{sin}(6x)+C\)

  11. Evaluate \(\int \text{sin}(5x)\text{cos}(3x)dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Apply the identity \(\text{sin}(5x)\text{cos}(3x)=\frac{1}{2}\text{sin}(2x)+\frac{1}{2}\text{sin}(8x).\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{ll}\int \text{sin}(5x)\text{cos}(3x)dx & =\int \frac{1}{2}\text{sin}(2x)\text{dx}+\int \frac{1}{2}\text{sin}(8x)\text{dx} \\ & =-\frac{1}{4}\text{cos}(2x)-\frac{1}{16}\ \text{cos}(8x)+C.\end{array}\]

  12. Evaluate \(\int \text{cos}(6x)\text{cos}(5x)dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{2}\text{sin}\ x+\frac{1}{22}\ \text{sin}(11x)+C\)

  13. Evaluate \(\int {\text{sec}}^{5}x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Start by rewriting \({\text{sec}}^{5}x\ \text{tan}\ x\) as \({\text{sec}}^{4}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x.\)

    \[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{sec}}^{5}x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx & =\int {\text{sec}}^{4}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx & & \text{Let}\ u=\text{sec}\ x;\ \text{then},\ du=\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx. \\ & =\int {u}^{4}du & & \text{Evaluate the integral}. \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{u}^{5}+C & & \text{Substitute}\ \text{sec}\ x=u. \\ & =\frac{1}{5}{\text{sec}}^{5}x+C & & \end{array}\]

  14. Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{5}x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{6}{\text{tan}}^{6}x+C\)

  15. Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{6}x\ {\text{sec}}^{4}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Since the power on \(\text{sec}\ x\) is even, rewrite \({\text{sec}}^{4}x={\text{sec}}^{2}x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\) and use \({\text{sec}}^{2}x={\text{tan}}^{2}x+1\) to rewrite the first \({\text{sec}}^{2}x\) in terms of \(\text{tan}\ x.\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{tan}}^{6}x\ {\text{sec}}^{4}x\ dx & =\int {\text{tan}}^{6}x({\text{tan}}^{2}x+1){\text{sec}}^{2}x\ dx & & \text{Let}\ u=\text{tan}\ x\ \text{and}\ du={\text{sec}}^{2}x\text{dx}. \\ & =\int {u}^{6}({u}^{2}+1)du & & \text{Expand}. \\ & =\int ({u}^{8}+{u}^{6})du & & \text{Evaluate the integral}. \\ & =\frac{1}{9}{u}^{9}+\frac{1}{7}{u}^{7}+C & & \text{Substitute}\ \text{tan}\ x=u. \\ & =\frac{1}{9}{\text{tan}}^{9}x+\frac{1}{7}{\text{tan}}^{7}x+C. & & \end{array}\]

  16. Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{5}x\ {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Since the power on \(\text{tan}\ x\) is odd, begin by rewriting \({\text{tan}}^{5}x\ {\text{sec}}^{3}x={\text{tan}}^{4}x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x.\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{llllll}{\text{tan}}^{5}x\ {\text{sec}}^{3}x & = & {\text{tan}}^{4}x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x. & & & \text{Write}\ {\text{tan}}^{4}x={({\text{tan}}^{2}x)}^{2}. \\ \int {\text{tan}}^{5}x\ {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx & = & \int {({\text{tan}}^{2}x)}^{2}{\text{sec}}^{2}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx & & & \text{Use}\ {\text{tan}}^{2}x={\text{sec}}^{2}x-1. \\ & = & \int {({\text{sec}}^{2}x-1)}^{2}{\text{sec}}^{2}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx & & & \text{Let}\ u=\text{sec}\ x\ \text{and}\ du=\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx. \\ & = & \int {({u}^{2}-1)}^{2}{u}^{2}du & & & \text{Expand}. \\ & = & \int ({u}^{6}-2{u}^{4}+{u}^{2})du & & & \text{Integrate}. \\ & = & \frac{1}{7}{u}^{7}-\frac{2}{5}{u}^{5}+\frac{1}{3}{u}^{3}+C & & & \text{Substitute}\ \text{sec}\ x=u. \\ & = & \frac{1}{7}{\text{sec}}^{7}x-\frac{2}{5}{\text{sec}}^{5}x+\frac{1}{3}{\text{sec}}^{3}x+C. & & & \end{array}\]

  17. Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Begin by rewriting \({\text{tan}}^{3}x=\text{tan}\ x\ {\text{tan}}^{2}x=\text{tan}\ x({\text{sec}}^{2}x-1)=\text{tan}\ x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x-\text{tan}\ x.\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{ll}\int {\text{tan}}^{3}x\ dx & =\int (\text{tan}\ x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x-\text{tan}\ x)dx \\ & =\int \text{tan}\ x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\ dx-\int \text{tan}\ x\ dx \\ & =\frac{1}{2}{\text{tan}}^{2}x-\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x|+C.\end{array}\]

    For the first integral, use the substitution \(u=\text{tan}\ x.\) For the second integral, use the formula.

  18. Integrate \(\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    This integral requires integration by parts. To begin, let \(u=\text{sec}\ x\) and \(dv={\text{sec}}^{2}x\text{dx}.\) These choices make \(du=\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\) and \(v=\text{tan}\ x.\) Thus,

    \[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx & =\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x-\int \text{tan}\ x\ \text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x\ dx & & \\ & =\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x-\int {\text{tan}}^{2}x\ \text{sec}\ x\ dx & & \text{Simplify}. \\ & =\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x-\int ({\text{sec}}^{2}x-1)\text{sec}\ x\ dx & & \text{Substitute}\ {\text{tan}}^{2}x={\text{sec}}^{2}x-1. \\ & =\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\int \text{sec}\ x\ dx-\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx & & \text{Rewrite}. \\ & =\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x+\text{tan}\ x|-\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx. & & \text{Evaluate}\int \text{sec}\ x\ dx.\end{array}\]

    We now have

    \[\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx=\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x+\text{tan}\ x|-\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx.\]

    Since the integral \(\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx\) has reappeared on the right-hand side, we can solve for \(\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx\) by adding it to both sides. In doing so, we obtain

    \[2\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx=\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x+\text{tan}\ x|.\]

    Dividing by 2, we arrive at

    \[\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx=\frac{1}{2}\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\frac{1}{2}\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x+\text{tan}\ x|+C.\]

  19. Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{3}x\ {\text{sec}}^{7}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{9}{\text{sec}}^{9}x-\frac{1}{7}{\text{sec}}^{7}x+C\)

  20. Apply a reduction formula to evaluate \(\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    By applying the first reduction formula, we obtain

    \[\begin{array}{ll}\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\ dx & =\frac{1}{2}\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\frac{1}{2}\int \text{sec}\ x\ dx \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\text{sec}\ x\ \text{tan}\ x+\frac{1}{2}\text{ln}|\text{sec}\ x+\text{tan}\ x|+C.\end{array}\]

  21. Evaluate \(\int {\text{tan}}^{4}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    Applying the reduction formula for \(\int {\text{tan}}^{4}x\ dx\) we have

    \[\begin{array}{llll}\int {\text{tan}}^{4}x\ dx & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-\int {\text{tan}}^{2}x\ dx & & \\ & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-(\text{tan}\ x-\int {\text{tan}}^{0}x\ dx) & & \text{Apply the reduction formula to}\int {\text{tan}}^{2}x\ dx. \\ & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-\text{tan}\ x+\int 1\ dx & & \text{Simplify}. \\ & =\frac{1}{3}{\text{tan}}^{3}x-\text{tan}\ x+x+C. & & \text{Evaluate}\int 1dx.\end{array}\]

  22. Apply the reduction formula to \(\int {\text{sec}}^{5}x\ dx.\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\int {\text{sec}}^{5}x\ dx=\frac{1}{4}{\text{sec}}^{3}x\ \text{tan}\ x+\frac{3}{4}\int {\text{sec}}^{3}x\)

  23. \({\text{sin}}^{2}x+\underline{\hspace{1.5em}}=1\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \({\text{cos}}^{2}x\)

  24. \({\text{sec}}^{2}x-1=\underline{\hspace{1.5em}}\)

  25. \({\text{sin}}^{2}x=\underline{\hspace{1.5em}}\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1-\text{cos}(2x)}{2}\)

  26. \({\text{cos}}^{2}x=\underline{\hspace{1.5em}}\)

  27. \(\int {\text{sin}}^{3}x\ \text{cos}\ x\ dx\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{{\text{sin}}^{4}x}{4}+C\)

  28. \(\int \sqrt{\text{cos}\ x}\ \text{sin}\ x\ dx\)

  29. \(\int {\text{tan}}^{5}(2x){\text{sec}}^{2}(2x)dx\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{1}{12}{\text{tan}}^{6}(2x)+C\)

  30. \(\int {\text{sin}}^{7}(2x)\text{cos}(2x)dx\)

  31. \(\int \text{tan}(\frac{x}{2}){\text{sec}}^{2}(\frac{x}{2})dx\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \((\frac{x}{2})\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)+{C}_{1}{\text{or sec}}^{2}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)+{C}_{2}\)

  32. \(\int {\text{tan}}^{2}x\ {\text{sec}}^{2}x\ dx\)

  33. \(\int {\text{sin}}^{3}x\ dx\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(-\text{cos}x+\frac{1}{3}{\text{cos}}^{3}x+C\)

  34. \(\int {\text{cos}}^{3}x\ dx\)

  35. \(\int \text{sin}\ x\ \text{cos}\ x\ dx\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(-\frac{1}{2}{\text{cos}}^{2}x+C\) or \(\frac{1}{2}{\text{sin}}^{2}x+C\)

  36. \(\int {\text{cos}}^{5}x\ dx\)

  37. \(\int {\text{sin}}^{5}x\ {\text{cos}}^{2}x\ dx\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(-\frac{1}{3}{\text{cos}}^{3}x+\frac{2}{5}{\text{cos}}^{5}x-\frac{1}{7}{\text{cos}}^{7}x+C\)

  38. \(\int {\text{sin}}^{3}x\ {\text{cos}}^{3}x\ dx\)

  39. \(\int \sqrt{\text{sin}\ x}\ \text{cos}\ x\ dx\)

    Antwort aufdecken

    \(\frac{2}{3}{(\text{sin}\ x)}^{\frac{3}{2}}+C\)

  40. \(\int \sqrt{\text{sin}\ x}\ {\text{cos}}^{3}x\ dx\)

Behalten Sie Ihre eigenen Lösungswege

Ein kostenloses Konto fügt Notizen zu jeder Lektion, eine Aufzeichnung von dem, was Sie beendet haben, Ihre gelösten Probleme an einem Ort, und ein Tutor können Sie über diese Seite fragen. Die Mathematik selbst ist offen für alle, angemeldet oder nicht.

Registrieren Anmelden

Hier verwendete Symbole

Tippen Sie auf jedes Symbol für die vollständige Definition, ein Bild und was jeder Buchstabe darin bedeutet.

Wie man: Trigonometric Integrals

  1. Solve integration problems involving products and powers of
  2. Solve integration problems involving products and powers of
  3. Use reduction formulas to solve trigonometric integrals.
  4. If
  5. If
  6. If both
  7. If
  8. If

Fragen, die die Leute stellen

What is a derivative in one sentence?

The slope of the graph at a point, the rate at which the output is changing there. Speed is the derivative of position.

What is an integral in one sentence?

The accumulated total of a rate: the area under the curve. Distance travelled is the integral of speed.

Why are derivatives and integrals opposites?

That is the fundamental theorem of calculus: accumulating a rate and then measuring how fast the accumulation grows gets you back the rate. Integration undoes differentiation up to a constant.

When do I use substitution and when integration by parts?

Substitution when part of the integrand is the derivative of another part (u and du both present). Parts when the integrand is a product of two unrelated kinds of function, a polynomial times an exponential, log or trig function.

Teile dieser Seite sind adaptiert aus OpenStax Calculus Volume 2 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Hier gekürzt und neu erklärt; Fehler gehen auf uns. Da seine Quelle für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke lizenziert ist, ist diese Lektion kostenlos, verkauft nichts und wird unter derselben Lizenz geteilt.

Mehr in Calculus

LimitsDerivativesIntegralsDefinite integralsTaylor seriesSeries and sumsMaxima and minimaThe chain ruleImplicit differentiationRelated rates and optimisationIntegration techniques: substitution, parts, partial fractionsApplications of integration: area, volume, arc lengthInfinite series and convergence tests