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Introduction to Whole Numbers
Use place value with whole numbers
Use Place Value with Whole Numbers
The most basic numbers used in algebra are the numbers we use to count objects in our world: 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. These are called the counting numbers. Counting numbers are also called natural numbers. If we add zero to the counting numbers, we get the set of whole numbers.
\(\\)Counting Numbers: 1, 2, 3, …
\(\\)Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …
The notation “…” is called ellipsis and means “and so on,” or that the pattern continues endlessly.
We can visualize counting numbers and whole numbers on a number line (see ).
Our number system is called a place value system, because the value of a digit depends on its position in a number. shows the place values. The place values are separated into groups of three, which are called periods. The periods are ones, thousands, millions, billions, trillions, and so on. In a written number, commas separate the periods.
Example
Try it.
In the number 63,407,218, find the place value of each digit:
- ⓐ 7
- ⓑ 0
- ⓒ 1
- ⓓ 6
- ⓔ 3
Solution
Place the number in the place value chart:
ⓐ The 7 is in the thousands place.
ⓑ The 0 is in the ten thousands place.
ⓒ The 1 is in the tens place.
ⓓ The 6 is in the ten-millions place.
ⓔ The 3 is in the millions place.
When you write a check, you write out the number in words as well as in digits. To write a number in words, write the number in each period, followed by the name of the period, without the s at the end. Start at the left, where the periods have the largest value. The ones period is not named. The commas separate the periods, so wherever there is a comma in the number, put a comma between the words (see ). The number 74,218,369 is written as seventy-four million, two hundred eighteen thousand, three hundred sixty-nine.
Example
Try it.
Name the number 8,165,432,098,710 using words.
Solution
Name the number in each period, followed by the period name.
Put the commas in to separate the periods.
So, \(8,165,432,098,710\) is named as eight trillion, one hundred sixty-five billion, four hundred thirty-two million, ninety-eight thousand, seven hundred ten.
Condensed — the full section is in OpenStax Elementary Algebra 2e.
Identify Multiples and Apply Divisibility Tests
The numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 are called multiples of 2. A multiple of 2 can be written as the product of 2 and a counting number.
Similarly, a multiple of 3 would be the product of a counting number and 3.
We could find the multiples of any number by continuing this process.
shows the multiples of 2 through 9 for the first 12 counting numbers.
| Counting Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Multiples of 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 |
| Multiples of 3 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 36 |
| Multiples of 4 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 48 |
| Multiples of 5 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 60 |
| Multiples of 6 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 36 | 42 | 48 | 54 | 60 | 66 | 72 |
| Multiples of 7 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 35 | 42 | 49 | 56 | 63 | 70 | 77 | 84 |
| Multiples of 8 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 40 | 48 | 56 | 64 | 72 | 80 | 88 | 96 |
| Multiples of 9 | 9 | 18 | 27 | 36 | 45 | 54 | 63 | 72 | 81 | 90 | 99 | 108 |
| Multiples of 10 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 |
Another way to say that 15 is a multiple of 3 is to say that 15 is divisible by 3. That means that when we divide 15 by 3, we get a counting number. In fact, \(15\div 3\) is 5, so 15 is \(5\cdot 3.\)
Look at the multiples of 5 in . They all end in 5 or 0. Numbers with last digit of 5 or 0 are divisible by 5. Looking for other patterns in that shows multiples of the numbers 2 through 9, we can discover the following divisibility tests:
Example
Try it.
Is 5,625 divisible by 2? By 3? By 5? By 6? By 10?
Solution
| Is 5,625 divisible by 2? | |
| Does it end in 0,2,4,6, or 8? | No. 5,625 is not divisible by 2. |
| Is 5,625 divisible by 3? | |
| What is the sum of the digits? | \(5+6+2+5=18\) |
| Is the sum divisible by 3? | Yes. 5,625 is divisble by 3. |
| Is 5,625 divisible by 5 or 10? | |
| What is the last digit? It is 5. | 5,625 is divisble by 5 but not by 10. |
| Is 5,625 divisible by 6? | |
| Is it divisible by both 2 and 3? | No, 5,625 is not divisible by 2, so 5,625 is not divisible by 6. |
Find Prime Factorizations and Least Common Multiples
In mathematics, there are often several ways to talk about the same ideas. So far, we’ve seen that if m is a multiple of n, we can say that m is divisible by n. For example, since 72 is a multiple of 8, we say 72 is divisible by 8. Since 72 is a multiple of 9, we say 72 is divisible by 9. We can express this still another way.
Since \(8\cdot 9=72,\) we say that 8 and 9 are factors of 72. When we write \(72=8\cdot 9,\) we say we have factored 72.
Other ways to factor 72 are \(1\cdot 72,2\cdot 36,3\cdot 24,4\cdot 18,\ \text{and}\ 6\cdot 12.\) Seventy-two has many factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 36, and 72.
Some numbers, like 72, have many factors. Other numbers have only two factors.
The counting numbers from 2 to 19 are listed in , with their factors. Make sure to agree with the “prime” or “composite” label for each!
The prime numbers less than 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, and 19. Notice that the only even prime number is 2.
A composite number can be written as a unique product of primes. This is called the prime factorization of the number. Finding the prime factorization of a composite number will be useful later in this course.
How to Find the Prime Factorization of a Composite Number
Try it.
Factor 48.
Solution
We say \(2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 3\) is the prime factorization of 48. We generally write the primes in ascending order. Be sure to multiply the factors to verify your answer!
If we first factored 48 in a different way, for example as \(6\cdot 8,\) the result would still be the same. Finish the prime factorization and verify this for yourself.
Example
Try it.
Find the prime factorization of 252.
Solution
| Step 1. Find two factors whose product is 252. 12 and 21 are not prime. Break 12 and 21 into two more factors. Continue until all primes are factored. | |
| Step 2. Write 252 as the product of all the circled primes. | \(252=2\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 3\cdot 7\) |
Condensed — the full section is in OpenStax Elementary Algebra 2e.
Key Concepts
- Place Value as in .
- Name a Whole Number in Words
- Start at the left and name the number in each period, followed by the period name.
- Put commas in the number to separate the periods.
- Do not name the ones period.
- Write a Whole Number Using Digits
- Identify the words that indicate periods. (Remember the ones period is never named.)
- Draw 3 blanks to indicate the number of places needed in each period. Separate the periods by commas.
- Name the number in each period and place the digits in the correct place value position.
- Round Whole Numbers
- Locate the given place value and mark it with an arrow. All digits to the left of the arrow do not change.
- Underline the digit to the right of the given place value.
- Is this digit greater than or equal to 5?
- Yes—add 1 to the digit in the given place value.
- No—do not change the digit in the given place value.
- Replace all digits to the right of the given place value with zeros.
- Divisibility Tests: A number is divisible by:
- 2 if the last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
- 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
- 5 if the last digit is 5 or 0.
- 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
- 10 if it ends with 0.
- Find the Prime Factorization of a Composite Number
- Find two factors whose product is the given number, and use these numbers to create two branches.
- If a factor is prime, that branch is complete. Circle the prime, like a bud on the tree.
- If a factor is not prime, write it as the product of two factors and continue the process.
- Write the composite number as the product of all the circled primes.
- Find the Least Common Multiple by Listing Multiples
- List several multiples of each number.
- Look for the smallest number that appears on both lists.
- This number is the LCM.
- Find the Least Common Multiple Using the Prime Factors Method
- Write each number as a product of primes.
- List the primes of each number. Match primes vertically when possible.
- Bring down the columns.
- Multiply the factors.
Introduction to Whole Numbers
Use Place Value with Whole Numbers
In the following exercises, find the place value of each digit in the given numbers.
Try it.
51,493 ⓐ 1, ⓑ 4, ⓒ 9, ⓓ 5, ⓔ 3
Solution
ⓐ thousands ⓑ hundreds ⓒ tens ⓓ ten thousands ⓔ ones
Try it.
87,210 ⓐ 2 ⓑ 8 ⓒ 0 ⓓ 7 ⓔ 1
Try it.
164,285 ⓐ 5, ⓑ 6, ⓒ 1, ⓓ 8, ⓔ 2
Solution
ⓐ ones ⓑ ten thousands ⓒ hundred thousands ⓓ tens ⓔ hundreds
Try it.
395,076 ⓐ 5 ⓑ 3 ⓒ 7 ⓓ 0 ⓔ 9
Try it.
93,285,170 ⓐ 9 ⓑ 8 ⓒ 7 ⓓ 5 ⓔ 3
Solution
ⓐ ten millions ⓑ ten thousands ⓒ tens ⓓ thousands ⓔ millions
Try it.
36,084,215 ⓐ 8 ⓑ 6 ⓒ 5 ⓓ 4 ⓔ 3
Try it.
7,284,915,860,132 ⓐ 7 ⓑ 4 ⓒ 5 ⓓ 3 ⓔ 0
Solution
ⓐ trillions ⓑ billions ⓒ millions ⓓ tens ⓔ thousands
Try it.
2,850,361,159,433
ⓐ 9
ⓑ 8
ⓒ 6
ⓓ 4
ⓔ 2
In the following exercises, name each number using words.
Try it.
1,078
Solution
one thousand, seventy-eight
Try it.
5,902
Try it.
364,510
Solution
three hundred sixty-four thousand, five hundred ten
Try it.
146,023
Try it.
5,846,103
Solution
five million, eight hundred forty-six thousand, one hundred three
Try it.
1,458,398
Try it.
37,889,005
Solution
thirty-seven million, eight hundred eighty-nine thousand, five
Try it.
62,008,465
In the following exercises, write each number as a whole number using digits.
Try it.
four hundred twelve
Solution
412
Try it.
two hundred fifty-three
Try it.
thirty-five thousand, nine hundred seventy-five
Solution
35,975
Try it.
sixty-one thousand, four hundred fifteen
Try it.
eleven million, forty-four thousand, one hundred sixty-seven
Solution
11,044,167
Try it.
eighteen million, one hundred two thousand, seven hundred eighty-three
Try it.
three billion, two hundred twenty-six million, five hundred twelve thousand, seventeen
Solution
3,226,512,017
Try it.
eleven billion, four hundred seventy-one million, thirty-six thousand, one hundred six
In the following, round to the indicated place value.
Try it.
Round to the nearest ten.
ⓐ 386 ⓑ 2,931
Solution
ⓐ 390 ⓑ 2,930
Try it.
Round to the nearest ten.
ⓐ 792 ⓑ 5,647
Try it.
Round to the nearest hundred.
ⓐ 13,748 ⓑ 391,794
Solution
ⓐ 13,700 ⓑ 391,800
Try it.
Round to the nearest hundred.
ⓐ 28,166 ⓑ 481,628
Try it.
Round to the nearest ten.
ⓐ 1,492 ⓑ 1,497
Solution
ⓐ 1,490 ⓑ 1,500
Try it.
Round to the nearest ten.
ⓐ 2,791 ⓑ 2,795
Try it.
Round to the nearest hundred.
ⓐ 63,994 ⓑ 63,940
Solution
ⓐ 64,000 ⓑ 63,900
Try it.
Round to the nearest hundred.
ⓐ 49,584 ⓑ 49,548
In the following exercises, round each number to the nearest ⓐ hundred, ⓑ thousand, ⓒ ten thousand.
Try it.
392,546
Solution
ⓐ 392,500 ⓑ 393,000 ⓒ 390,000
Try it.
619,348
Try it.
2,586,991
Solution
ⓐ 2,587,000 ⓑ 2,587,000 ⓒ 2,590,000
Try it.
4,287,965
Identify Multiples and Factors
In the following exercises, use the divisibility tests to determine whether each number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10.
Try it.
84
Solution
divisible by 2, 3, and 6
Try it.
9,696
Try it.
75
Solution
divisible by 3 and 5
Try it.
78
Try it.
900
Solution
divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10
Try it.
800
Try it.
986
Solution
divisible by 2
Try it.
942
Try it.
350
Solution
divisible by 2, 5, and 10
Try it.
550
Try it.
22,335
Solution
divisible by 3 and 5
Try it.
39,075
Find Prime Factorizations and Least Common Multiples
In the following exercises, find the prime factorization.
Try it.
86
Solution
\(2\cdot 43\)
Try it.
78
Try it.
132
Solution
\(2\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 11\)
Try it.
455
Try it.
693
Solution
\(3\cdot 3\cdot 7\cdot 11\)
Try it.
400
Try it.
432
Solution
\(2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 3\cdot 3\)
Try it.
627
Try it.
2,160
Solution
\(2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 3\cdot 3\cdot 5\)
Try it.
2,520
In the following exercises, find the least common multiple of the each pair of numbers using the multiples method.
Try it.
8, 12
Solution
24
Try it.
4, 3
Try it.
12, 16
Solution
48
Try it.
30, 40
Try it.
20, 30
Solution
60
Try it.
44, 55
In the following exercises, find the least common multiple of each pair of numbers using the prime factors method.
Try it.
8, 12
Solution
24
Try it.
12, 16
Try it.
28, 40
Solution
280
Try it.
84, 90
Try it.
55, 88
Solution
440
Try it.
60, 72
Condensed — the full section is in OpenStax Elementary Algebra 2e.
Practice (40)
Try each one on paper first. Reveal the answer to check; verified ones can be opened in the solver for every step.
-
In the number 63,407,218, find the place value of each digit:
- ⓐ 7
- ⓑ 0
- ⓒ 1
- ⓓ 6
- ⓔ 3
Одкриј го одговорот
Place the number in the place value chart:
ⓐ The 7 is in the thousands place.
ⓑ The 0 is in the ten thousands place.
ⓒ The 1 is in the tens place.
ⓓ The 6 is in the ten-millions place.
ⓔ The 3 is in the millions place. -
For the number 27,493,615, find the place value of each digit:
ⓐ 2 ⓑ 1 ⓒ 4 ⓓ 7 ⓔ 5
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ ten millions ⓑ tens ⓒ hundred thousands ⓓ millions ⓔ ones
-
For the number 519,711,641,328, find the place value of each digit:
ⓐ 9 ⓑ 4 ⓒ 2 ⓓ 6 ⓔ 7
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ billions ⓑ ten thousands ⓒ tens ⓓ hundred thousands ⓔ hundred millions
-
Name the number 8,165,432,098,710 using words.
Одкриј го одговорот
Name the number in each period, followed by the period name.
Put the commas in to separate the periods.
So, \(8,165,432,098,710\) is named as eight trillion, one hundred sixty-five billion, four hundred thirty-two million, ninety-eight thousand, seven hundred ten.
-
Name the number \(9,258,137,904,061\) using words.
Одкриј го одговорот
nine trillion, two hundred fifty-eight billion, one hundred thirty-seven million, nine hundred four thousand, sixty-one
-
Name the number \(17,864,325,619,004\) using words.
Одкриј го одговорот
seventeen trillion, eight hundred sixty-four billion, three hundred twenty-five million, six hundred nineteen thousand, four
-
Write nine billion, two hundred forty-six million, seventy-three thousand, one hundred eighty-nine as a whole number using digits.
Одкриј го одговорот
Identify the words that indicate periods.
Except for the first period, all other periods must have three places. Draw three blanks to indicate the number of places needed in each period. Separate the periods by commas.
Then write the digits in each period.
The number is 9,246,073,189. -
Write the number two billion, four hundred sixty-six million, seven hundred fourteen thousand, fifty-one as a whole number using digits.
Одкриј го одговорот
\(2,466,714,051\)
-
Write the number eleven billion, nine hundred twenty-one million, eight hundred thirty thousand, one hundred six as a whole number using digits.
Одкриј го одговорот
\(11,921,830,106\)
-
Round 23,658 to the nearest hundred.
-
Round to the nearest hundred: \(17,852.\)
Одкриј го одговорот
\(17,900\)
-
Round to the nearest hundred: \(468,751.\)
Одкриј го одговорот
\(468,800\)
-
Round \(103,978\) to the nearest:
- ⓐ hundred
- ⓑ thousand
- ⓒ ten thousand
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ
Locate the hundreds place in 103,978. Underline the digit to the right of the hundreds place. Since 7 is greater than or equal to 5, add 1 to the 9. Replace all digits to the right of the hundreds place with zeros. So, 104,000 is 103,978 rounded to the nearest hundred. ⓑ
Locate the thousands place and underline the digit to the right of the thousands place. Since 9 is greater than or equal to 5, add 1 to the 3. Replace all digits to the right of the hundreds place with zeros. So, 104,000 is 103,978 rounded to the nearest thousand. ⓒ
Locate the ten thousands place and underline the digit to the right of the ten thousands place. \(\\) Since 3 is less than 5, we leave the 0 as is, and then replace the digits to the right with zeros. \(\\) \(\\)So, 100,000 is 103,978 rounded to the nearest ten thousand. -
Round 206,981 to the nearest: ⓐ hundred ⓑ thousand ⓒ ten thousand.
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ 207,000 ⓑ 207,000 ⓒ 210,000
-
Round 784,951 to the nearest: ⓐ hundred ⓑ thousand ⓒ ten thousand.
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ 785,000 ⓑ 785,000 ⓒ 780,000
-
Is 5,625 divisible by 2? By 3? By 5? By 6? By 10?
Одкриј го одговорот
Is 5,625 divisible by 2? Does it end in 0,2,4,6, or 8? No.
5,625 is not divisible by 2.Is 5,625 divisible by 3? What is the sum of the digits? \(5+6+2+5=18\) Is the sum divisible by 3? Yes. 5,625 is divisble by 3. Is 5,625 divisible by 5 or 10? What is the last digit? It is 5. 5,625 is divisble by 5 but not by 10. Is 5,625 divisible by 6? Is it divisible by both 2 and 3? No, 5,625 is not divisible by 2, so 5,625 is not divisible by 6. -
Determine whether 4,962 is divisible by 2, by 3, by 5, by 6, and by 10.
Одкриј го одговорот
by 2, 3, and 6
-
Determine whether 3,765 is divisible by 2, by 3, by 5, by 6, and by 10.
Одкриј го одговорот
by 3 and 5
-
Factor 48.
Одкриј го одговорот
We say \(2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 3\) is the prime factorization of 48. We generally write the primes in ascending order. Be sure to multiply the factors to verify your answer!
If we first factored 48 in a different way, for example as \(6\cdot 8,\) the result would still be the same. Finish the prime factorization and verify this for yourself.
-
Find the prime factorization of 80.
Одкриј го одговорот
\(2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 5\)
-
Find the prime factorization of 60.
Одкриј го одговорот
\(2\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 5\)
-
Find the prime factorization of 252.
Одкриј го одговорот
Step 1. Find two factors whose product is 252. 12 and 21 are not prime.
Break 12 and 21 into two more factors. Continue until all primes are factored.Step 2. Write 252 as the product of all the circled primes. \(252=2\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 3\cdot 7\) -
Find the prime factorization of 126.
Одкриј го одговорот
\(2\cdot 3\cdot 3\cdot 7\)
-
Find the prime factorization of 294.
Одкриј го одговорот
\(2\cdot 3\cdot 7\cdot 7\)
-
Find the least common multiple of 15 and 20 by listing multiples.
Одкриј го одговорот
Make lists of the first few multiples of 15 and of 20, and use them to find the least common multiple. Look for the smallest number that appears in both lists. The first number to appear on both lists is 60, so 60 is the least common multiple of 15 and 20. Notice that 120 is in both lists, too. It is a common multiple, but it is not the least common multiple.
-
Find the least common multiple by listing multiples: 9 and 12.
Одкриј го одговорот
36
-
Find the least common multiple by listing multiples: 18 and 24.
Одкриј го одговорот
72
-
Find the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of 12 and 18 using the prime factors method.
-
Find the LCM using the prime factors method: 9 and 12.
Одкриј го одговорот
36
-
Find the LCM using the prime factors method: 18 and 24.
Одкриј го одговорот
72
-
Find the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of 24 and 36 using the prime factors method.
Одкриј го одговорот
Find the primes of 24 and 36.
Match primes vertically when possible.
Bring down all columns.Multiply the factors. The LCM of 24 and 36 is 72. -
Find the LCM using the prime factors method: 21 and 28.
Одкриј го одговорот
84
-
Find the LCM using the prime factors method: 24 and 32.
Одкриј го одговорот
96
-
51,493 ⓐ 1, ⓑ 4, ⓒ 9, ⓓ 5, ⓔ 3
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ thousands ⓑ hundreds ⓒ tens ⓓ ten thousands ⓔ ones
-
87,210 ⓐ 2 ⓑ 8 ⓒ 0 ⓓ 7 ⓔ 1
-
164,285 ⓐ 5, ⓑ 6, ⓒ 1, ⓓ 8, ⓔ 2
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ ones ⓑ ten thousands ⓒ hundred thousands ⓓ tens ⓔ hundreds
-
395,076 ⓐ 5 ⓑ 3 ⓒ 7 ⓓ 0 ⓔ 9
-
93,285,170 ⓐ 9 ⓑ 8 ⓒ 7 ⓓ 5 ⓔ 3
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ ten millions ⓑ ten thousands ⓒ tens ⓓ thousands ⓔ millions
-
36,084,215 ⓐ 8 ⓑ 6 ⓒ 5 ⓓ 4 ⓔ 3
-
7,284,915,860,132 ⓐ 7 ⓑ 4 ⓒ 5 ⓓ 3 ⓔ 0
Одкриј го одговорот
ⓐ trillions ⓑ billions ⓒ millions ⓓ tens ⓔ thousands
Symbols used here
Both signs at once: x = 3 ± 2 means 5 and 1.
The two sides are different.
Inequalities that allow equality; < and > exclude it.
The non-negative number whose square (n-th power) is x.
Distance from zero: |−3| = 3. For a complex number, distance from the origin.
i² = −1.
The exponent b must be raised to for x; ln uses base e.
Naturals, integers, rationals, reals, complex numbers.
How to: Introduction to Whole Numbers
- Use place value with whole numbers
- Identify multiples and apply divisibility tests
- Find prime factorizations and least common multiples
- Start at the left and name the number in each period, followed by the period name.
- Put commas in the number to separate the periods.
- Do not name the ones period.
- Identify the words that indicate periods. (Remember, the ones period is never named.)
- Draw three blanks to indicate the number of places needed in each period. Separate the periods by commas.
Questions people ask
What does it mean to solve an equation?
To find every value of the unknown that makes both sides equal. Each step is an operation applied to both sides that keeps the solution set the same, until the unknown stands alone.
Why do I sometimes get two answers?
A quadratic can cross the axis twice, so it can have two solutions. A degree-n polynomial has up to n. The graph shows where each one comes from.
How do I know whether to factor or use the quadratic formula?
Try factoring for a few seconds: look for two numbers that multiply to a·c and add to b. If nothing obvious appears, the discriminant b² − 4ac tells you how many real roots there are, and the formula finds them without guessing.
Обиди се со себе.
Parts of this page are adapted from OpenStax Elementary Algebra 2e (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Condensed and re-explained here; errors are ours.
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