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Sequences and series

Arithmetic and geometric sequences, partial sums, and the geometric series formula.

An arithmetic sequence adds the same amount each step; a geometric one multiplies by the same ratio. Their sums have closed forms, n(a₁ + aₙ)/2 and a(rⁿ − 1)/(r − 1), and when |r| < 1 the geometric series keeps converging as n grows, which is the first infinite sum most people meet.

Kushanda muenzaniso · sum of 2^k for k = 0 to 10

Sum 2^k for k = 0 to 10

\sum_{k=0}^{10} 2^{k}

Step by step

  1. \sum_{k=0}^{10} 2^{k}

    Write the sum out.

  2. = 2047

    Closed form.

Kuratidza mhinduro
2047

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Maitiro: Sequences and series

  1. Write the sum out.
  2. Closed form.

Mabvunzo vanhu vanobvunza

What is a function, really?

A rule that assigns exactly one output to each input. The vertical-line test on a graph is the same idea: no input may have two outputs.

Why do we need complex numbers?

Because x² + 1 = 0 has no real solution, and allowing one new number i with i² = −1 makes every polynomial equation solvable. They then turn out to describe rotation, waves and alternating current more naturally than real numbers do.

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