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Conic sections

Circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas as equations and as surfaces sliced.

Slice a cone and you get a circle, an ellipse, a parabola or a hyperbola; algebraically they are the second-degree equations in x and y. Completing the square in each variable reveals the centre and shape. The 3D view draws z = the expression, whose level curve z = 0 is the conic.

مثال: x^2 + y^2 - 25

Algebra · Expressions

Analyse x^2 + y^2 - 25

x^{2} + y^{2} - 25

قدم ب قدم

  1. x^{2} + y^{2} - 25

    An expression in x, y. Here is what it does.

جواب کھوليں
x^{2} + y^{2} - 25

Symbols used here

|x|
absolute value / modulus
Distance from zero: |−3| = 3. For a complex number, distance from the origin.
\binom{n}{k}
binomial coefficient, "n choose k"
Number of k-element subsets of n things: n!/(k!(n−k)!).
\pi
pi
Ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, 3.14159…
e
Euler's number
2.71828…, the base whose exponential is its own derivative.
i
imaginary unit
i² = −1.
\theta
theta
The usual name for an angle.
\log_b x,\ \ln x
logarithm, natural log
The exponent b must be raised to for x; ln uses base e.
\mathbf{v},\ \vec{v}
vector
A quantity with magnitude and direction; a column of numbers.

How to: Conic sections

  1. An expression in x, y. Here is what it does.

Questions people ask

What is a function, really?

A rule that assigns exactly one output to each input. The vertical-line test on a graph is the same idea: no input may have two outputs.

Why do we need complex numbers?

Because x² + 1 = 0 has no real solution, and allowing one new number i with i² = −1 makes every polynomial equation solvable. They then turn out to describe rotation, waves and alternating current more naturally than real numbers do.

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میں زیادہ Precalculus

Polynomial functionsSequences and seriesVectorsExponential and logarithmic functionsPolynomial division and the remainder theoremParametric equations and polar coordinates