maths.free › Number Theory › RSA: cryptography from number theory
RSA: cryptography from number theory
Public keys from two primes, and why factoring is the lock.
Choose primes p, q; n = pq; pick e coprime to φ(n) = (p − 1)(q − 1); the private key d is e⁻¹ mod φ(n). Encrypt mᵉ mod n, decrypt with d. The security is the difficulty of factoring n. Picture it: a padlock anyone can snap shut (e) that only the key (d) opens. Think it: correctness is Euler's theorem; the whole scheme is one modular inverse.
مثال عملي · inverse of 17 mod 3120
خطوة خطوة
- 17x \equiv 1 \pmod{3120}
We want x with a·x ≡ 1 (mod m). It exists only when gcd(a, m) = 1.
- 3120 = 183 \times 17 + 9
Euclid step.
- 17 = 1 \times 9 + 8
Euclid step.
- 9 = 1 \times 8 + 1
Euclid step.
- 8 = 8 \times 1 + 0
Euclid step.
- 17 \times 2753 = 46801 \equiv 1 \pmod{3120}
Back-substitute (extended Euclid) to express 1 as a combination of a and m; the coefficient of a is the inverse.
كشفت الإجابة
الآن أنت اختار مشكلة، أو طبعها أو رسمها بنفسك، كل خطوة، صورة، الإجابة مخفية حتى تسأل.
الرموز المستخدمة هنا
لمس أي رمز للحصول على التعريف الكامل، والصورة، وما يعنيه كل حرف في ذلك.
كيف: RSA: cryptography from number theory
- We want x with a·x ≡ 1 (mod m). It exists only when gcd(a, m) = 1.
- Euclid step.
- Euclid step.
- Euclid step.
- Euclid step.
- Back-substitute (extended Euclid) to express 1 as a combination of a and m; the coefficient of a is the inverse.
أسئلة يطرحها الناس
Why are primes so important?
Every integer factors into primes in exactly one way, so primes are the atoms of multiplication. Cryptography relies on that factoring being easy to state and hard to do.
How do I tell whether a big number is prime?
Trial division up to the square root works for small numbers. For large ones, probabilistic tests (Miller-Rabin) give an answer that is wrong with negligible probability, and deterministic tests (AKS) exist but are slower.
أكثر في Number Theory
Prime factorisationPrime numbersGCD and LCMModular arithmeticDivisorsSequencesNumber basesDiophantine equationsFermat's little theorem and Euler's theorem