maths.free › Number Theory › Fermat's little theorem and Euler's theorem

Fermat's little theorem and Euler's theorem

aᵖ⁻¹ ≡ 1 (mod p), the totient, and fast modular arithmetic.

For prime p and a not divisible by p, aᵖ⁻¹ ≡ 1 (mod p); Euler generalises to a^φ(n) ≡ 1 (mod n). These collapse huge exponents: 2¹⁰⁰ mod 13 reduces via 2¹² ≡ 1. Picture it: the powers of 2 mod 13 cycling around a 12-hour clock. Think it: this is Lagrange's theorem in the group (ℤ/n)*.

Kushanda muenzaniso · 2^100 mod 13

Number-Theory · Modular-Arithmetic

2^100 mod 13

2,\ 100,\ 13

Step by step

  1. 2^{100} \bmod 13

    Never compute the huge power. Reduce after every multiplication (repeated squaring).

  2. 2 \equiv 2 \pmod{13}

    Reduce the base first.

  3. 100 = 1100100_2

    Write the exponent in binary: 7 squarings at most.

  4. 2^2 \equiv 4 \pmod{13}

    Square the running power.

  5. 4^2 \equiv 3 \pmod{13}

    Square the running power.

  6. r \leftarrow r \cdot 3 \equiv 3 \pmod{13}

    This bit is 1: multiply the result by the current power.

  7. 3^2 \equiv 9 \pmod{13}

    Square the running power.

  8. 9^2 \equiv 3 \pmod{13}

    Square the running power.

  9. 3^2 \equiv 9 \pmod{13}

    Square the running power.

  10. r \leftarrow r \cdot 9 \equiv 1 \pmod{13}

    This bit is 1: multiply the result by the current power.

  11. 9^2 \equiv 3 \pmod{13}

    Square the running power.

  12. r \leftarrow r \cdot 3 \equiv 3 \pmod{13}

    This bit is 1: multiply the result by the current power.

  13. 2^{100} \equiv 3 \pmod{13}

    Done.

Kuratidza mhinduro
2^{100} \bmod 13 = 3

Zvino iwe Choose a problem, or type or draw your own. Every step, a picture, the answer hidden until you ask.

Tenga yako yemahara

Mubhadharo wakasununguka unowedzera mazita ezvidzidzo, zvinyorwa zvezvidzidzo zvawakati wazvigadzirira, zvidzidzo zvawave uchizvigadzirisa, uye mudzidzisi waungabvunza nezvechidzidzo ichi. Maths inowanikwa kune vese, vasiri vadzidzi kana vadzidzi. Kuwana mazita ezvidzidzo zvinodiwa kunogona kuitwa pawebsite ye Maths.

Kutanga Kupinda

Mazita anoshandiswa pano

Tinya chero chiratidzo kuti uone chirevo chakazara, vhidhiyo, uye kuti chii chinoreva chero chiratidzo.

Maitiro: Fermat's little theorem and Euler's theorem

  1. Reduce the base mod n.
  2. Reduce the exponent mod p − 1 (prime) or mod φ(n) (general): Fermat/Euler.
  3. Finish with repeated squaring on what remains.

Mabvunzo vanhu vanobvunza

Why are primes so important?

Every integer factors into primes in exactly one way, so primes are the atoms of multiplication. Cryptography relies on that factoring being easy to state and hard to do.

How do I tell whether a big number is prime?

Trial division up to the square root works for small numbers. For large ones, probabilistic tests (Miller-Rabin) give an answer that is wrong with negligible probability, and deterministic tests (AKS) exist but are slower.

More in Number Theory

Prime factorisationPrime numbersGCD and LCMModular arithmeticDivisorsSequencesNumber basesDiophantine equationsRSA: cryptography from number theory