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Rings and fields
Two operations: integers, polynomials, ℤ/n, and when division is possible.
A ring has addition and multiplication like the integers; a field additionally lets you divide by anything non-zero. ℤ/p is a field exactly when p is prime. Every non-zero element has an inverse. Picture it: the multiplication table of ℤ/7: every row is a permutation. Think it: polynomials over a field behave like integers (unique factorisation, Euclid's algorithm), which is why algebra and number theory rhyme.
דוגמה עובדת · inverse of 7 mod 11
צעד אחר צעד
- 7x \equiv 1 \pmod{11}
We want x with a·x ≡ 1 (mod m). It exists only when gcd(a, m) = 1.
- 11 = 1 \times 7 + 4
Euclid step.
- 7 = 1 \times 4 + 3
Euclid step.
- 4 = 1 \times 3 + 1
Euclid step.
- 3 = 3 \times 1 + 0
Euclid step.
- 7 \times 8 = 56 \equiv 1 \pmod{11}
Back-substitute (extended Euclid) to express 1 as a combination of a and m; the coefficient of a is the inverse.
גלה את התשובה
עכשיו אתה בחר בעיה, או הקלד או צייר בעצמך. כל צעד, תמונה, התשובה חבויה עד שתשאל.
סמלים המשמשים כאן
הקש כל סמל להגדרה המלאה, תמונה, ומה כל אות בזה אומר.
איך: Rings and fields
- We want x with a·x ≡ 1 (mod m). It exists only when gcd(a, m) = 1.
- Euclid step.
- Euclid step.
- Euclid step.
- Euclid step.
- Back-substitute (extended Euclid) to express 1 as a combination of a and m; the coefficient of a is the inverse.
שאלות שאנשים שואלים
What is a group, in plain words?
A set with one operation that is associative, has an identity, and lets every element be undone. Symmetries of any object form a group. That is where the idea came from.
What is the difference between a ring and a field?
A ring has addition and multiplication that behave like the integers (you cannot always divide); a field is a ring where every non-zero element has a reciprocal, like the rationals or the reals.
יותר בפנים. Abstract Algebra
GroupsSubgroups, cosets and Lagrange's theoremCyclic groups and permutation groupsHomomorphisms, normal subgroups and quotient groupsGalois theory: why the quintic has no formula