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Integrate sin(x)^2 from 0 to 2·pi

\int_{0}^{2 \pi} \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}\, dx

Step by step

  1. \int_{0}^{2 \pi} \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}\, dx

    First find an antiderivative F, then evaluate F(b) − F(a).

  2. \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2}

    Rewrite the integrand into a friendlier form.

  3. \int \frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2}\, dx = \int \frac{1}{2}\, dx + \int - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2}\, dx

    The integral of a sum is the sum of the integrals.

  4. \int \frac{1}{2}\, dx = \frac{x}{2}

    The integral of a constant c is c·x.

  5. \int - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2}\, dx = - \frac{1}{2} \int \cos{\left(2 x \right)}\, dx

    Pull the constant - \frac{1}{2} out of the integral.

  6. u = 2 x,\quad du = 2\, dx

    Substitute u = 2 x.

  7. \int \cos{\left(2 x \right)}\, dx = \int \frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2}\, d_u

    Rewrite the integral in terms of u.

  8. \int \frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2}\, d_u = \frac{1}{2} \int \cos{\left(u \right)}\, d_u

    Pull the constant \frac{1}{2} out of the integral.

  9. \int \cos{\left(u \right)}\, d_u = \sin{\left(u \right)}

    Standard trigonometric antiderivative.

  10. = \frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{2}

    Substitute back u = 2 x.

  11. F(2 \pi) - F(0) = \left(\pi\right) - \left(0\right)

    Fundamental theorem of calculus: plug in the limits.

  12. = \pi \approx 3.1416

    Simplify.

Reveal the answer
\pi