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Integrating Functions of Several Variables

In single-variable calculus, recall that we used the classic calculus approach to define the definite integral as the area under a graph.

Integrating Functions of Several Variables

In single-variable calculus, recall that we used the classic calculus approach to define the definite integral as the area under a graph. Specifically, we approximated the area under the graph of a positive function \(f\) on an interval \([a,b]\) by adding areas of rectangles whose heights are determined by the curve. We then broke the interval \([a,b]\) into smaller subintervals, constructing rectangles on each of these smaller intervals to approximate the region under the curve on that subinterval, then summing the areas of these rectangles to approximate the area under the curve. We defined the definite integral of \(f\) using the limit of this Riemann sum as the size of all of the subintervals goes to zero.In this chapter we will expand our idea of integration and accumulation to apply to scalar valued, multivariable function.

Symbols used here

\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}
partial derivative
Derivative with respect to x, holding the other variables fixed.
\nabla f
gradient (nabla, del)
Vector of partial derivatives; points uphill.
\int f(x)\,dx,\ \int_a^b
integral
Antiderivative (indefinite) or signed area from a to b (definite).
\iint,\ \oint
double / contour integral
Integral over a region of the plane; integral around a closed curve.
\mathbf{v},\ \vec{v}
vector
A quantity with magnitude and direction; a column of numbers.
\mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{v},\ \|\mathbf{v}\|
dot product, norm
Σ u_i v_i; the length of v, √(v·v).

Questions people ask

What is a partial derivative?

The ordinary derivative with respect to one variable while every other variable is frozen — the slope of the surface in one coordinate direction.

What does the gradient point at?

Uphill: the direction of steepest increase, with length equal to that steepest slope. It is perpendicular to the level curves.

तपाईँको आफ्नै प्रयास गर्नुहोस्

Parts of this page are adapted from Boelkins et al., Active Calculus Multivariable (CC BY-SA 4.0). Condensed and re-explained here; errors are ours.

यसमा थप Multivariable Calculus