maths.free › Abstract Algebra › Groups
Groups
The axioms, examples (integers mod n, symmetries, permutations), order of an element.
A group is a set with an associative operation, an identity and inverses. The integers mod 7 under addition; the non-zero ones under multiplication; the six symmetries of a triangle. Picture it: the rotations and reflections of a triangle composing. That is the group S₃ acting. Think it: "3¹⁰⁰ mod 7" is a computation in the cyclic group (ℤ/7)*, whose order 6 is why Fermat's little theorem works.
ਕੰਮ ਉਦਾਹਰਨ · 3^100 mod 7
ਕਦਮ ਦਰ ਕਦਮ
- 3^{100} \bmod 7
Never compute the huge power. Reduce after every multiplication (repeated squaring).
- 3 \equiv 3 \pmod{7}
Reduce the base first.
- 100 = 1100100_2
Write the exponent in binary: 7 squarings at most.
- 3^2 \equiv 2 \pmod{7}
Square the running power.
- 2^2 \equiv 4 \pmod{7}
Square the running power.
- r \leftarrow r \cdot 4 \equiv 4 \pmod{7}
This bit is 1: multiply the result by the current power.
- 4^2 \equiv 2 \pmod{7}
Square the running power.
- 2^2 \equiv 4 \pmod{7}
Square the running power.
- 4^2 \equiv 2 \pmod{7}
Square the running power.
- r \leftarrow r \cdot 2 \equiv 1 \pmod{7}
This bit is 1: multiply the result by the current power.
- 2^2 \equiv 4 \pmod{7}
Square the running power.
- r \leftarrow r \cdot 4 \equiv 4 \pmod{7}
This bit is 1: multiply the result by the current power.
- 3^{100} \equiv 4 \pmod{7}
Done.
ਜਵਾਬ ਦਿਓ
ਹੁਣ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਇੱਕ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ ਚੁਣੋ, ਜਾਂ ਆਪਣਾ ਆਪ ਲਿਖੋ ਜਾਂ ਖਿੱਚੋ। ਹਰ ਕਦਮ, ਇੱਕ ਤਸਵੀਰ, ਜਵਾਬ ਜਦੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਪੁੱਛਦੇ ਹੋ, ਲੁਕਿਆ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਇੱਥੇ ਵਰਤੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ
ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ ਨੂੰ ਦਬਾਉ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੂਰੀ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ, ਇੱਕ ਤਸਵੀਰ ਅਤੇ ਹਰ ਅੱਖਰ ਦਾ ਅਰਥ ਹੈ ।
ਕਿਵੇਂ: Groups
- Check closure: the operation of any two elements stays in the set.
- Find the identity element.
- Find each element's inverse.
- Associativity usually comes for free from the underlying arithmetic; say why.
ਲੋਕ ਪੁੱਛਦੇ ਹਨ
What is a group, in plain words?
A set with one operation that is associative, has an identity, and lets every element be undone. Symmetries of any object form a group. That is where the idea came from.
What is the difference between a ring and a field?
A ring has addition and multiplication that behave like the integers (you cannot always divide); a field is a ring where every non-zero element has a reciprocal, like the rationals or the reals.
ਹੋਰ ਵਿੱਚ Abstract Algebra
Subgroups, cosets and Lagrange's theoremCyclic groups and permutation groupsHomomorphisms, normal subgroups and quotient groupsRings and fieldsGalois theory: why the quintic has no formula